Filtration tech for infectious disease mitigation in indoor

Filtration technologies control airborne pathogens, reducing infectious disease spread indoors. In this article, Chirag Kataria, Senior Manager at Zeco Aircon, discusses how these technologies and systems create safer, healthier environments by capturing and neutralising harmful particles essential for public health and well-being.

Indoor air pollutants have a range of origins, contributing to a complex mix of contaminants within our indoor environments. The primary difference between indoor and outdoor pollution sources is their origin and concentration. Indoor pollutants often arise from household activities and materials, leading to higher concentrations in enclosed spaces. Outdoor pollution is typically more diffuse, originating from industrial activities, transportation, and natural events, varying concentrations depending on location and weather conditions *.

Indoor pollution source

Indoor air pollutants originate from various sources within homes and buildings such as combustion sources, building materials and furnishings, household products, biological contaminants, HVAC systems and outdoor air.

Burning materials such as tobacco, wood, oil, gas, coal, and even candles introduces harmful pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and particulate matter. Further, building and household materials contribute to indoor air pollution over time. Materials like asbestos insulation, pressed wood products, and older types of paint (which may contain lead) release toxic particles and pollutants over time.

Products like cleaning supplies, paints, varnishes, and pesticides emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can linger in indoor air. Biological contaminants also play a significant role in indoor air pollution. Mold, dust mites, pet dander, and pollen are common allergens that can exacerbate respiratory issues and trigger allergies. Furthermore, pollutants from outdoor sources, such as ozone (O₃) and particulate matter, can infiltrate indoor spaces, especially in urban areas or during periods of high air pollution.

Poorly maintained HVAC systems can exacerbate these problems by harbouring mould, bacteria, and other contaminants. If not regularly cleaned, these systems reduce air quality, which impacts health. Together, these sources create a complex environment of indoor air pollutants.

Outdoor pollution source

They are typically more varied and widespread such as industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, natural sources and agricultural activities.

Factories and power plants emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates, while vehicles release carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulates. Natural events like wildfires, dust storms, and volcanic eruptions add more particulates and pollutants, and agricultural activities, including pesticides, fertilizers, and livestock farming, contribute ammonia, methane, and other pollutant emissions.

IoT impact on IAQ

IoT technology offers powerful tools for improving IAQ in large commercial spaces through real-time monitoring, data analytics, automated controls, and enhanced occupant well-being, promoting energy efficiency and regulatory compliance**.

IoT (Internet of Things) technology can significantly impact indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring and management, especially in large commercial spaces.

IoT technology plays a transformative role in Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) management by enabling real-time monitoring of parameters like temperature, humidity, CO2 levels, VOCs, and particulate matter. Sensors constantly collect data, and automated alerts allow building managers to address air quality issues instantly when pollutant levels exceed safe thresholds. Over time, IoT analytics reveal trends, helping pinpoint pollutant sources and fluctuations. By analysing this data, IoT can predict the maintenance needs of HVAC systems and air purifiers.

Integrated IoT systems can automatically control Smart HVAC setups, adjusting airflow and filtration based on real-time air quality. Dynamic ventilation optimises air exchange across various building zones, balancing comfort and energy efficiency. IoT enables healthier and personalised micro-environments for building occupants, particularly useful for those with asthma or allergies. IoT even links to wearable devices, offering individuals tailored air quality data.

Energy savings are another advantage, as IoT-optimized ventilation and filtration reduce energy use, supporting cost savings and sustainability goals. Improved IAQ management can also help buildings achieve green certifications like LEED. IoT’s detailed data records facilitate regulatory compliance and transparent reports, supporting health and safety commitments. Furthermore, IoT’s scalability allows for monitoring across multiple buildings from a single platform and seamless integration with Building Management Systems (BMS), providing a unified approach to operations. By preventing equipment overuse and addressing issues promptly, IoT can reduce the operational costs associated with maintaining indoor air quality.