The quest for Low-GWP refrigerants amid global warming concerns

As concerns over global warming escalate, the quest for the perfect refrigerant persists. Despite not depleting the ozone, the present crop of refrigerants, known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), still substantially impacts global warming potential (GWP). In light of mounting regulatory obstacles and the call to minimize environmental damage, the demand for refrigerants with low GWP is rising. The recent editorial webinar of Thermal Control Magazine delved into this topic extensively. You can access the complete story here.

An ideal refrigerant should have several characteristics: low-global warming potential, non-toxicity, non-flammability, and zero-ozone depletion potential. While hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), the current generation of refrigerants, have zero ozone depletion potential, they still have a significant global warming potential (GWP) when released into the atmosphere. Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol lists HFCs as greenhouse gases due to their relatively high GWP. Consequently, there is growing international interest in developing a new generation of refrigerants low in GWP.

Global warming potential (GWP) The demand for low-GWP refrigerants is increasing due to the rising global warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants. Every refrigerant has a specific GWP number and reference. Dr. Kaushal Kumar Jha, Founder of NoonRay Energy Pvt. Ltd. and Adjunct Professor at IIT Madras, highlights that a GWP of 150 or less is mandatory to lower the impact on our planet. All refrigerants in use have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). While CO2 is considered a refrigerant, its development to deploy it better is awaited. Moreover, refrigerants with low GWP and zero ODP are classified as HFO refrigerants, which offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants.

Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)
Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are unsaturated HFCs, which are known to have a higher Global Warming Potential (GWP). In the past, CFCs were used, but now HFCs are prevalent and have an extended atmospheric lifespan. HVAC Advisor, Mr. Avinash Shaligram of DroneVionics Pvt. Ltd., noted that HFOs have a shorter atmospheric lifespan, making them more environmentally friendly and contributing to their lower GWP.

CO2
CO2 is transcritical; it is not in the conventional system. Its critical temperature is only 31 degrees Celsius. It operates under what is called the transcritical cycle. CO2 as a refrigerant has a lot of advantages. It is also easily available in our country. Whereas for HFO availability, we will be dependent. The cost would also be an issue. There are some challenges in the use of CO2. The main challenge is efficiency. To overcome those challenges, consistent development is required.

Ammonia
Using ammonia and hydrocarbons as refrigerants has some limitations and safety concerns. While ammonia is a good refrigerant, hydrocarbons have zero ozone depletion and low GWP, but they are extremely flammable and require strict storage and transportation regulations. In contrast, HFO refrigerants have lower GWPs and are less hazardous, making them a more sustainable option.

The refrigeration market is expanding due to the increasing use of air conditioning systems in residential and commercial settings. The shift towards low-GWP refrigerants is evident, with many toxic ozone depleting refrigerants being banned. While R134a is a popular refrigerant, its high GWP is a major concern. Developing new “A” category refrigerants that are mildly flammable and energy-efficient is crucial to address both direct and indirect environmental impacts and reduce carbon emissions.

Growth of low GWP refrigerant
The refrigerant industry faces challenges in identifying the most suitable refrigerant for specific applications. The global perspective is essential to ensure customer-centric products and thorough research is required to create sustainable solutions. There is no single solution to the refrigerant issue, and the industry needs to evolve to overcome global challenges.

Low-GWP refrigerants are in demand to combat climate change and reduce environmental impact.
The growth of the low GWP refrigerant market is driven by rising regulatory barriers and the need to address global warming. However, transitioning to these refrigerants requires equipment modifications, safety considerations, and increased energy consumption. While new low-GWP refrigerants are available, testing and adoption may take time. Addressing the environmental crisis and reducing carbon emissions is crucial to prevent global crises and ensure a sustainable future.

 

Mr. Avinash Shaligram, HVAC Advisor, DroneVionics Pvt. Ltd.

“The Hydrofluoroolefins are unsaturated HFCs, which have a lower atmospheric lifetime. That is one of the reasons why they have a low GWP.”

Mr. Sarjerao Bhawar, Research Analyst – Blue Star India.

“The refrigerant industry is moving to overcome those challenges across the globe. There is not a single refrigerant to replicate or replace everything.”

Dr. Kaushal Kumar Jha, Founder, NoonRay Energy
Pvt. Ltd., Adjunct Professor, IIT Madras.

“Refrigerants directly lead to an increase in temperature, producing greenhouse gases. To lower the impact on our planet, a lower GWP is mandatory.”

Mr. Pavan Surana, Promotor, Cool Max Enterprises

“CO2 is released in various ways around the world and refrigerants play a minor role. The gradual awareness of the use of CFCs and ODP is visible.”

Mr. Ashish Mattoo, Manager, Climaveneta India.

“Many refrigerants that are toxic to the ozone layer have been banned. The shift towards lower-GWP refrigerants is becoming more pronounced.”